Name: 
 

Objective 3 Assignment 2005


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

1. 
Which of the following would NOT prevent you from getting strep throat?
a.
washing your hands after blowing your nose
b.
washing your hands after you’ve eaten
c.
washing your hands before eating
d.
washing your hands after shaking hands with a person infected with the bacteria
 
 
Diphtheria is a highly infectious disease of the respiratory tract that most often affects children. The cause of the disease is an aerobic bacillus that forms V-shaped arrangements. In the early 1900s, diphtheria was one of the leading causes of death in infants and children in the United States and many other countries. In the 1940s, infants and children in the United States were regularly immunized against this disease. In the late 1980s, only two dozen or so cases of diphtheria were reported in the United States. A toxoid is now given in 2 or 3 doses, about one month apart, to infants between the ages of three and four months. A booster injection is given about a year later. Childhood boosters are also given in most cases.
 

2. 
Based on the statement above, which of the following best describes the bacterium that causes diphtheria?
a.
rod-shaped organism that needs oxygen
b.
spiral-shaped organism that forms clusters
c.
round cell that affects the digestive system
d.
grapelike cell that does not use oxygen
 

3. 
Based on the statement above, which of the following accounts for the decline in the number of people in the United States who contracted diphtheria in the 1980s?
a.
the widespread use of penicillin
b.
the highly infectious nature of the disease
c.
widespread immunization
d.
the V-shaped arrangements of the bacterial cells
 

4. 
There is an increasing percentage of adults who have contracted diphtheria. What is the most likely cause of this trend?
a.
The respiratory tract of an adult is less developed than that of a child.
b.
The bacteria are more responsive to antibiotics.
c.
Childhood boosters may not be enough in preventing the disease. Boosters for adults may also be necessary.
d.
Until the 1940s, diphtheria was one of the leading causes of death only in infants and children.
 

5. 
How does the genetic code support evolution?
a.
This discovery that the genetic code is same in all organisms is evidence that all organisms alive today shared a common ancestor billions of years ago.
b.
Natural selection is a mechanism for changes in populations that occurs when organisms with favorable variations for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations on to the next generation.
c.
The similarity of the functions of homologous structures always means that two organisms are closely related.
d.
Studies of certain embryos indicate evolution from a common ancestor.
 

6. 
How does camouflage aid in the evolutionary process?
a.
Camouflage enables an organism to copy the appearance of another species.
b.
This anatomical adaptation helps an organism mutate.
c.
Organisms that are well camouflaged are more likely to escape predators and survive to reproduce.
d.
The ability to camouflage is lost during embryonic development.
 

7. 
Which of the following are analogous structures?
a.
A human hand and a crocodile’s claw
b.
The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bird
c.
A bird’s beak and a human’s nose
d.
A human leg and a bird’s wing
 

8. 
The presence of gills and tails in the early stages of all vertebrates indicates common ancestry. Which of the following evidence from the fossil record supports this statement?
a.
Aquatic, gill-breathing vertebrates were the ancestors of air-breathing land species.
b.
Fossils are generally as old as the rocks in which they are found.
c.
Similarities among DNA indicate a common ancestor.
d.
Structural adaptations are not inherited from parents.
 
 
A family of birds commonly called the Hawaiian honeycreepers is unique to the Hawaiian Islands, which are located in the Pacific Ocean far from major landmasses. The honeycreepers have similarly shaped bodies and are about the same size. They differ sharply, however, in plumage color and beak shape. Each species of honeycreeper has a beak that is adapted to the type of food it eats and occupies its own niche. A niche is the role of a particular species in a community regarding food, space, reproduction, and how it interacts with nonliving parts of its environment.
The honeycreepers are thought to have evolved from a single ancestral species that came to the Hawaiian Islands millions of years ago. The pattern of evolution shown by the honeycreepers is known as adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation is one example of divergent evolution, a pattern of evolution in which species that were once all similar to the ancestral species became more and more distinct. Divergent evolution occurs when species begin to adapt to different environmental conditions.
 

9. 
Based on information in the above statement, what is one possible explanation for the divergent evolution of the honeycreepers?
a.
They all live on the same island.
b.
They live on different islands.
c.
They are unable to move from one island to another.
d.
They all eat different types of foods.
 

10. 
Dolphins and fish are unrelated vertebrates with similar body shapes that are adapted for moving efficiently through water. What evolutionary process is shown by this example?
a.
Divergent evolution
c.
Reproductive isolation
b.
Convergent evolution
d.
Polyploid speciation
 

11. 
Over time, natural selection caused a change in the populations of light-colored and dark moths. Which of the following most likely occurred as the result of natural selection?
a.
All of the moths became light-colored.
b.
The dark moths increased in number until most of the moths of this species in the area were dark.
c.
The birds stopped eating the moths and found another food source.
d.
The moths were unable to reproduce and eventually became extinct.
 

12. 
An albino animal has white skin and hair and pink eyes. How can this variation be harmful to an organism?
a.
It prevents the organism from mating.
b.
Lack of pigment exposes the animal to dangerous rays from the Sun.
c.
It prevents the animal from making its own food.
d.
Lack of pigment results in geographical isolation from other animals in the species.
 

13. 
The trees that produce the large McIntosh apples are treated with a chemical so that the apples have twice the number of chromosomes in their cells. What type of speciation is this?
a.
Reproductive isolation
c.
Punctuated equilibrium
b.
Polyploid speciation
d.
Gradualism
 

14. 
One type of natural selection favors average individuals in a population. This type of evolution is called stabilizing selection. Which of the following statements does NOT support stabilizing selection?
a.
Larger than average individuals may be at a disadvantage because they can be seen and captured more easily.
b.
Smaller than average individuals may be at a disadvantage because they might not be able to obtain enough food to survive and reproduce.
c.
Individuals with either of two extreme forms of a trait are at a selective advantage.
d.
Individuals of average size are more likely to survive and reproduce.
 

15. 
How does parasitism differ from predation?
a.
No organism is harmed in a parasitic relationship.
b.
No organism is harmed in a predator-prey relationship.
c.
Parasitism does not always result in the death of an organism.
d.
Parasitism does not occur among mammals.
 

16. 
The graphs below illustrate the changing populations of two species in the same ecosystem over time. Which graph represents a mutualistic relationship?
a.
c.
b.
d.
 

17. 
Which series correctly sequences interactions in nature from largest to smallest?
a.
Population, ecosystem, community
c.
Ecosystem, community, population
b.
Species, organism, community
d.
Community, population, ecosystem
 

18. 
Which of the following food chains correctly shows the path of matter and energy through an ecosystem?
a.
deer · bear · grass
c.
seeds · bear · chipmunk
b.
grass · deer · bear
d.
chipmunk · seeds · deer
 
 
 

19. 
Which organism is a first-order consumer?
a.
V
c.
Y
b.
X
d.
Z
 

20. 
What factor limits the number of links in a food chain?
a.
Scarcity of prey
c.
Type of ecosystem
b.
Population size
d.
Energy loss
 

21. 
Why do plants have roots?
a.
To conserve nutrients
c.
To absorb water
b.
To photosynthesize
d.
To reproduce
 

22. 
What adaptation allows a redwood tree to grow to towering heights?
a.
Vascular tissues
c.
Rhizoids
b.
Broad leaves
d.
Cuticles
 

23. 
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by green algae and plants?